"My View On Utang Na Loob(Reciiprocity), Pagtitiis(Forbearance),Paninindigan(Self-Affirmation)"

"My View On Utang Na Loob(Reciprocity),Pagtitiis(Forbearance),Paninindigan(Self-Affirmation)"

"My View On Utang Na Loob(Reciprocity),Pagtitiis(Forbearance),Paninindigan
(Self-Affirmation)"

My In Utang Na Loob(Reciprocity) Reciprocity In Social Psychology Refers To Responding To A Positive Action With Another Positive Action, Rewarding Kind Actions. People Categorize An Action As Kind By Viewing Its Consequences And Also By The Person's Fundamental Intentions. Even If The Consequences Are The Same, Underlying Intentions Can Cause An Action To Be Reciprocated Differently. Reciprocity Is Considered As A Strong Determining Factor Of Human Behavior. Positive Reciprocal Actions Differ From Altruistic Actions As Those Only Follow From Other Positive Actions And They Differ From Social Gift Giving In That Those Are Not Actions Taken With The Hope Or Expectation Of Future Positive Responses. The Focus Of Reciprocity Is Centered More On Trading Favors Than Making A Negotiation Or A Contract With Another Person. With Reciprocity, A Small Favor Can Produce A Sense Of Obligation To A Larger Return Favor. This Feeling Of Obligation Allows An Action To Be Reciprocated With Another Action. Because There Is A Sense Of Future Obligation With Reciprocity It Can Help To Develop And Continue Relationships With People. Reciprocity Works Because From A Young Age People Are Taught To Return Favors And To Disregard This Teaching Will Lead To The Social Stigma Of Being An Ingrate.

Reciprocal Actions Are Important To Social Psychology As They Can Help Explain The Maintenance Of Social Norms. Reciprocity Is So Strong That A Person Will Feel Obligated To Return A Favor Regardless Of Whether They Like The Person Who Originally Gave The Favor And Even If They Did Not Want The Favor, As Was Demonstrated In An Experiment By Dennis Regan In 1971. Regan Had Subjects Believe They Were In An “Art Appreciation” Experiment With A Partner, Who Was Really Regan’s Assistant. In The Experiment The Assistant Would Disappear For A Two Minute Break And Bring Back A Soft Drink For The Subject. After The Art Experiment Was Through, The Assistant Asked The Subject To Buy Raffle Tickets From Him. In The Control Group The Assistant Behaved In The Exact Same Manner, But Did Not Buy The Subject A Drink. The Subjects Who Had Received The Favor, A Soft Drink, Bought More Raffle Tickets Than Those In The Control Group Despite The Fact That They Hadn’t Asked For The Drink To Begin With. Regan Also Had The Subjects Fill Out Surveys After They Finished The Experiment And Found That Whether They Personally Liked The Assistant Or Not Had No Effect On How Many Tickets They Bought. One Problem Of Reciprocity, However, Focuses On The Unequal Profit Obtained From The Concept Of Reciprocal Concessions. The Emotional Burden To Repay Bothers Some More Than Others, Causing Some To Overcompensate With More Than What Was Given Originally. In The Regan Study, Subjects Paid More Money For The Tickets Than The Cost Of The (Un-Requested) Soft Drink.

In Public Good Experiments, Behavioral Economists Have Demonstrated That The Potential For Reciprocal Actions By Players Increases The Rate Of Contribution To The Public Good, Providing Evidence For The Importance Of Reciprocity In Social Situations.

Reciprocity As A Form Of Social Obligation Calling For Future Acts Kindness Can Be Seen In The Japanese Word For Thank You, "Sumimisan," Which Means "This Will Not End"

It May Be A Motivation For Returning Favors From Others. A Form Of Reciprocity Is "Reciprocal Concessions," In Which The Requester Lowers His/Her Initial Request, Making The Respondent More Likely To Agree To A Second Request. The Respondent Agrees Because The Requester Has Lowered His/Her Request, Making A Concession To The Respondent. The Respondent Then Experiences The Social Obligation To Make A Concession In Kind Back To The Requester, And Thus Agrees To The Second, Lower Request. . An Example Provided By Robert Cialdini In Influence: Science And Practice Is A Young Boy Asking Cialdini To Purchase Circus Tickets (The Initial Request). When Cialdini Declined, The Boy Lowered Or "Conceded" His Request To Merely Buying Some Candy Bars. Cialdini, Seeing That The Boy Has Made A Concession, Feels Obligated To "Return The Favor" (Reciprocate) And Agrees To This Second Request. Pagtitiis(Forbearance)  Patience (Or Forbearing) Is The State Of Endurance Under Difficult Circumstances, Which Can Mean Persevering In The Face Of Delay Or Provocation Without Acting On Annoyance/Anger In A Negative Way; Or Exhibiting Forbearance When Under Strain, Especially When Faced With Longer-Term Difficulties. Patience Is The Level Of Endurance One Can Take Before Negativity. It Is Also Used To Refer To The Character Trait Of Being Steadfast. Antonyms Include Hastiness And Impetuousness. Paninindigan(Self-Affirmation) The Theory Of Self-Affirmation Is A Psychological Theory That Was First Proposed By Claude Steele (1988) With The Premise That People Are Motivated To Maintain The Integrity Of The Self. The Ultimate Goal Of The Self Is To Protect An Image Of Its Self-Integrity, Morality And Adequacy. On The Whole, Integrity Is Defined As The Sense That One Is A Good And Appropriate Person And The Term "Appropriate" Refers To Behavior That Is Fitting Or Suitable Given The Cultural Norms And The Salient Demands On People Within Their Culture. This Theory Explains Why People Respond In Such A Way To Restore Self-Worth When Their Image Of Self-Integrity Is Threatened. In This Theory, People Would Respond To The Threat Using The Indirect Psychological Adaptation Of Affirming Alternative Self Resources Unrelated To The Provoking Threat. As A Result, These "Self-Affirmations" Enable People To Deal With Threatening Events And Information Without Resorting To Defensive Biases, By Fulfilling The Need To Protect Self-Integrity In The Face Of Threat. In Fact, This Self Affirmation Allows People To Respond To The Threatening Information In A More Open And Even-Handed Manner.

"Me And Social Acceptance"

"Me And Social Acceptance"

"Me And Social Acceptance"

My View In Social Acceptance Is Being Socially Acceptable Is A Big Thing Nowadays. It Seems That This Has Always Been The Case Because Fitting In With The Right People Has Always Been An Important Part Of Life For Many Centuries. Especially In The France Of The Eighteen Hundreds Social Acceptability Was A Pivotal Part Of Life. In A Time When Appearances And Classes Held So Much Sway, To Be Socially Unacceptable Was A Terrible Thing To Be. In The World Of Prostitution Gaining Social Acceptability Was Only Made Minutely Possible If You Were A Very High Class Courtesan Or Sometimes A Lorette.

It Seems Odd That Prostitution Was So Widespread Especially Considering The Fact That Everyone Spoke Out Against It. The Only Reason That I Can Come Up With Is That While Everyone Was Busy Saying That Prostitution Was Wrong, They Were Also Indulging Themselves While No One Was Watching.

Nineteenth Century France Was Full Of Sexual Hypocrisy. The Hypocrisy Grew From The Fact That Though Almost Every Man Frequented Brothels Or Spent His Time With A Mistress They Also Frowned Upon Prostitution In Its Many Forms. While Many Men Would Publicly Speak Out About Prostitution And Would Claim That It Was A Sin They Could Usually Be Found With One Of The Aforementioned Sinners In The Night.

Women Did Not Look Kindly On Prostitution At All. Although Several Women Kept Lovers Themselves They Did Not Frequent Brothels Or Pick Up Men On The Street. This Had A Lot To Do With The Fact That The Way That Women Acted Was Rigidly Structured With The Etiquette Of The Time. These Proper Women Disliked The Prostitutes And Were Perhaps Even A Little Bit Jealous Of Them As Well. Courtesans Of The Time Lead Very Comfortable Lives As Did Lorettes. Streetwalkers And Common Prostitutes Were Not Really Enviable But They Were At Least Living Independently, Supporting Themselves. This Is Not To Say That The Women Of The Time Wanted To Be Prostitutes But Who Wouldn't Envy Someone Who Spent Almost As Much Time With Their Husbands As They Themselves Did?

In General Being A Prostitute Of Any Class Was A Double Edged Sword. Many Resorted To Such Lines Of Work Out Of Desperation Or Simply A Desire To Live In A Comfortable Manner. Although Many Women Escaped Poverty Or A Life Of Loveless Marriage In This Way They Were Also Socially Outcast. Only The Courtesans, Who Were Able To Blend In With Society To A Certain Extent, And Even In Some Cases Lorettes, Were Able To Enjoy Society And All It Had To Offer. While Courtesans Were Able To Blend In They Did Not Always Remain Unnoticed By The Bourgeoisie Class. Sometimes, Even A Well Dressed Woman, Displaying All The Proper Etiquette Of The Time Could Be Exposed For The Double Life That She Lead And Thus Ostracized.

It Seems That Even Though It Was Very Difficult To Gain Social Acceptability Everyone, Even Prostitutes Of Different Classes Tried To Achieve It. For Many The Dream Was Never Realized And For Those That Were Able To Creep Into The Society Life Was Not Always Easy. This Is Largely Due To That Fact That France's Population Contained Much Sexual Hypocrisy And Shunned Prostitutes While Supporting Them.

"Me And The Principles And Values Embodies In The Filipino National Traditions"

"Filipino National Values"

"My Opinion In Our Filipino National Values"

My Opinion In Our Filipino National Values Is A Treasure To Filipino People And We Learn This In  The Indigenous Culture Is Related To Those Of Melanesia And The Later Polynesian Culture Has Similarities To Pacific Island Cultures. These Similarities Include The Filipino Language And Ethnicity; Most Common With That Of Guam And The Northern Mariana Islands. The Spanish Colonization Heavily Influenced The Culture. The Most Significant Influence Is The Religion - Roman Catholicism, Plus, Spanish Is Spoken In Some Parts Of The Philippines, And There Are Even Some Descendants Of The Spanish Colonizers Today. As Well As The Spanish Culture, The Native Mexican Culture Was Introduced As The Philippines Was Governed From Mexico. In Filipino, There Are Many Borrowed Words From Native Mexican Languages, And Some People Also Have Native American Origins. Today, Many People Do Not Acknowledge The Philippine's Relations With Latin America, Spain And The Pacific Islands. Instead, Because Of The Country's Location, It Is Common To Notice The Similarities With Other Asian Countries.

The Indigenous Population In The Philippines, Known As The Negritos, Has Many Similarities With The People Of Melanesia And Papua New Guinea. Some Of These People Wear Traditional Clothes Such As Grass Skirts, Live In Isolated Villages In The Mountains And Rainforest And Practice Traditional Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyles. After The Negritos, Groups Of Polynesians Came To The Philippines, Coming From Taiwan (Filipinos Are Not Descendants Of The Han-Chinese Taiwanese People Who Inhabit Taiwan Today, But The Taiwanese Aborigines, Who Have A Very Small Population.) And Spreading As Far As Madagascar, Hawaii, New Zealand And Easter Island. Today You Can See Similarities In Language, Ethnicity And Traditions Between The Philippines And Pacific Island Cultures, As They Have Common Origins. Later, A Small Number Of People Coming From Malaysia And Indonesia Also Settled The Islands.

Spanish Colonization In The Philippines Lasted From 1565 To 1898. Most Of That Time The Islands Were Governed From Mexico And Later Directly From Spain. As A Result, There Is A Significant Amount Of Spanish And Mexican Influence In Philippine Customs And Traditions. Hispanic Influences Are Visible In Traditional Philippine Folk Music And Dance, Cuisine, Festivities, Religion, Ethnicity And Language. In Filipino, There Are Many Native American Words That Were Introduced By The Mexicans In The Philippines. The Most Visible Example Of Spanish Are The Spanish Names Of Filipinos, Which Were Given Through A Tax Law (See: Alphabetical Catalog Of Surnames), The Thousands Of Spanish Loanwords In Native Languages Such As Tagalog And Cebuano, The Spanish Speaking Parts Of The Philippines, And The Majority Catholic Religion.

Later, The Philippines Was A Territory Of The United States From 1898 Until 1946. American Influences Are Widely Evident In The Use Of The English Language, And In Contemporary Pop Culture, Such As Music, Film, Fast-Food, And Basketball.

There Are Also Strong Similarities With The Pacific Islands, Mexico, And Spain. There Are Some Similarities With Islamic Malaysian And Indonesian Cultures, And Chinese And Japanese.

"Filipino National Values"

The Philippine Culture Is Rich In Customs And Traditions. Philippines Culture Reflects The Complexity Of The History Of The Philippines Through The Combination Of Cultures Of Foreign Influences.Spanish Colonization Of The Philippines Lasted For More Than Three Centuries. There Is A Significant Amount Of Spanish-Mexican Influence Within Filipino Culture, Customs And Traditions. Hispanic Influences Are Visible In Traditional Philippine Folk Music, Folk Dance, Language, Food, Art, And Religion.

Pre-Hispanic And Non-Christian Philippine Cultures Are Derived From The Indigenous Tradition Of The Austronesian Primitive Tribes Called Malayo-Polynesian. The Philippines Was A Colony Of The United States From 1898, At The End Of The Spanish-American War, Until 1946. American Influences Are Evident In Philippine Culture By The Use Of The English Language, And In Contemporary Pop Culture, Such As Fast-Food, Music, Film, And Sports.

Other Asian Ethnic Groups Such As The Chinese, And Japanese Have Been Settling In The Philippines Since The Colonial Period, And Their Influences Are Evident In The Popularity Of Mahjong, Jueteng, Filipino Martial Arts, And Other Asian Cuisine.

Family Relationships Are The Basic Building Block Of Philippine Culture And Society. Each Filipino Is At The Center Of A Large Circle Of Relatives, Usually Extending To Third Cousins. Marriage Is Rarely Permitted For Members Of The Same Kinship Circle. The Kinship Circle Is Customarily Enlarged Through Ritual Co-Parenthood, The Catholic Custom Of Selecting Godparents To Sponsor One’s Child At Baptism. In The Close-Knit Filipino Family, Members Are Provided Assistance When Needed And Expected To Give Their First Loyalty To Their Kin. In Rural Areas The Villages Contain Clusters Of Households Supporting An Extended Family System Within The Philippines Culture. The Social Support Provided By These Close-Knit Communities Is Reflected In The Absence Of Retirement Homes.

"FILIPINO TRAITS OF CAMILIO OASIS"

"FILIPINO TRAITS"

"FILIPINO TRAITS"

1. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE - Is The Fact That Most People, In Order To Fit In With The Others, Look And Act Like Them. It Stops (Mostly) Everyone From Truly Being Themselves. It's Is Also The Reason Most People Look Painfully Average. A Term Referring To The Ability To Accept, Or To Be Able To Tolerate, Differences And Diversity In Other People Or Groups Of People. Tolerance. Some Opposite Notions Of Social Acceptance Would Include Racism, Sexism, Homophobism, And Prejudice In General.
2. SMOOTH INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP - Filipino Psychology Is Usually Thought Of As A Branch Of Asian Psychology, The Placement, Determined Primarily On Culture. However, There Is An Ongoing Debate On The Make-Up Of Philippine Culture, Because This Will Generally Determine Whether Philippine Psychology Is To Be Placed Under The Realms Of Either Asian Psychology Or Western Psychology. The Vast Majority Of Philippine Psychologists Seem To Prefer To Classify This Field As Asian, But There Is A Steadily Growing Body That Attempts To Place The Field As Eurasian.

 a.  Core Value or Kapwa

Kapwa, meaning 'togetherness', is the core construct of Filipino Psychology. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao (other people) and Hindi Ibang Tao (not other people).

• Ibang Tao ("outsider") There are five domains in this construct:
  • Pakikitungo: civility
  • Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing
  • Pakikilahok: act of joining
  • Pakikibagay: conformity
  • Pakikisama: being united with the group.
• Hindi Ibang Tao ("one-of-us") There are three domains in this construct:
• Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual trust
• Pakikisangkot: act of joining others
• Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others

b. Pivotal Interpersonal Value

• Pakiramdam: Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use damdam, or the inner perception of others' emotions, as a basic tool to guide his dealings with other people.

c. Linking Socio-Personal Value

• Kagandahang-Loob: Shared humanity. This refers to being able to help other people in dire need due to a perception of being together as a part of one Filipino humanity.

d. Accommodative Surface Values

• Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shame' by most Western psychologists, Hiya is actually 'sense of propriety'.
• Utang na Loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return favors-—whether these were asked for or not—-when it is needed or wanted.
• Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is primarily guided by conformity with the majority.

e.  Confrontative Surface Values

• Bahala Na: This attitude, loosely translated into English as 'fatalistic passiveness', actually describes the Filipino way of life, in which, he is determined to do his best, hence the term bahala na, which actually came from the phrase bathalan na, meaning 'I will do all my best, let God take care of the rest'.
• Lakas ng Loob: This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems and uncertainties.
• Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy.

f.  Societal Values

• Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in a person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge about his/her worth
• Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people judge a person of his/her worth.
• Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own worth.

• Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice, this actually refers to equity in giving rewards to a person.
• Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).

Approaches and Methods:

Approaches, Or Lapit, And Methods, Or Pamamaraan, In Filipino Psychology Are Different From That Of Western Psychology. In Filipino Psychology, The Subjects, Or Participants, Called Kalahok, Are Considered As Equal In Status To The Researcher. The Participants Are Included In The Research As A Group, And Not As Individuals - Hence, An Umpukan, Or Natural Cluster, Is Required To Serve As The Participants, Per Se. The Researcher Is Introduced To A Natural Cluster By A Tulay (Bridge), Who Is A Part Of The Umpukan And Is A Well-Respected Man In The Community. Some Of The Many Approaches And Methods Used In Filipino Psychology Are:

·         Pakikipagkuwentuhan: In This Method, The Researcher Engages In A Story-Telling With An Umpukan. The Researcher Merely Serves As The Facilitator, While The Kalahok Or Participants Are The One Who Are To Talk. The Term Kwento, From The Spanish Word Cuento, Literally Means 'To Tell A Story'.
·         Panunuluyan: In This Method, The Researcher Stays In The Home Of His Kalahok Or Participant While He Conducts The Research With Consent By The Host Family, Whose Head Serves As The Tulay To An Umpukan. The Term Tuloy, Which Is The Root Word Of The Term Panunuluyan, Literally Means 'To Go In'.
·         Pagdadalaw-Dalaw: In This Method, The Researcher Occasionally Visits The House Of His Host Or Tulay, As Opposed To Staying In The House. The Term Dalaw Literally Means 'Visit'.
·         Pagtatanung-Tanong: In This Method, The Researcher Undergoes A Kind Of Questioning Session With His Kalahok Or Participants. In This Method, However, 'Lead Questions' (Those Questions Which Directly Refer To The Topic Being Studied) Are Not Supposed To Be Asked, Instead The Questions To Be Asked Are Supposed To Have Been Derived From The Kalahok's Answers Themselves. The Word Tanong Literally Means 'Question'.
·         Pakikiramdam: In This Approach, The Researcher Uses Entirely His/Her Own Feelings Or Emotions To Justify If His Participants Or Kalahok Are Ready To Be Part Of His Research Or Not. The Term Damdam Literally Means 'Inner Perception Of Emotions'.
·         Pakapa-Kapa: In This Approach, The Researcher Uses 'Groping', Or A Mixture Of Feelings As Well As Circumstances, To Justify His Intrusion Into The Life Of His/Her Participants Or Kalahok. The Term Kapa Literally Means 'To Grope In The Dark'.

"My Own Perspective On Filipino Values"

"FILIPINO VALUES"

"FILIPINO VALUES"

THE FILIPINO VALUE SYSTEM OR FILIPINO VALUES REFERS TO THE SET OF VALUES OR THE VALUE SYSTEM THAT A MAJORITY OF FILIPINO PEOPLE HAVE HISTORICALLY HELD IMPORTANT IN THEIR LIVES. THIS PHILIPPINE VALUE SYSTEM INCLUDES THEIR OWN UNIQUE ASSEMBLAGE OF CONSISTENT IDEOLOGIES, MORAL CODES, ETHICAL PRACTICES, ETIQUETTE, AND CULTURAL AND PERSONAL VALUES THAT ARE PROMOTED BY THEIR SOCIETY. AS WITH ANY SOCIETY THOUGH, THE VALUES THAT AN INDIVIDUAL HOLDS SACRED CAN DIFFER ON THE BASIS OF RELIGION, UPBRINGING AND OTHER FACTORS.

AS A GENERAL DESCRIPTION, THE DISTINCT VALUE SYSTEM OF FILIPINOS IS ROOTED PRIMARILY IN PERSONAL ALLIANCE SYSTEMS, ESPECIALLY THOSE BASED IN KINSHIP, OBLIGATION, FRIENDSHIP, RELIGION (PARTICULARLY CHRISTIANITY), AND COMMERCIAL RELATIONSHIPS.

FILIPINO VALUES ARE, FOR THE MOST PART, CENTERED AT MAINTAINING SOCIAL HARMONY, MOTIVATED PRIMARILY BY THE DESIRE TO BE ACCEPTED WITHIN A GROUP. THE MAIN SANCTION AGAINST DIVERGING FROM THESE VALUES ARE THE CONCEPTS OF "HIYA", ROUGHLY TRANSLATED AS 'A SENSE OF SHAME', AND "AMOR PROPIO" OR 'SELF-ESTEEM'.  SOCIAL APPROVAL, ACCEPTANCE BY A GROUP, AND BELONGING TO A GROUP ARE MAJOR CONCERNS. CARING ABOUT WHAT OTHERS WILL THINK, SAY OR DO, ARE STRONG INFLUENCES ON SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AMONG FILIPINOS.

ACCORDING TO THE ANTHROPOLOGIST LEONARDO MERCADO, THE FILIPINO WORLDVIEW IS BASICALLY 'NONDUALISTIC'. BASING ON LINGUISTIC ANALYSES OF FILIPINO VALUE TERMS LIKE LOOB (CEBUANO BUOT), HE CONCLUDES THAT FILIPINOS DESIRE HARMONY, NOT ONLY INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, BUT ALSO WITH NATURE AND RELIGION, WHILE STILL REMAINING NONDICHOTOMOUS.

"My Definition Of Values"

"Values"

****Values****

Important And Enduring Beliefs Or Deals Shared By The Members Of A Culture About What Is Good Or Desirable And What Is Not. Values Exert Major Influence On The Behavior Of An Individual And Serves As Broad In All Situations.

****Values And Ethics****

Values Can Be Defined As those Things That Are Important To Or Valued By Someone. That Someone Can Be An Individual Or, Collectively, An Organization. One Place Where Values Are Important Is In Relation To Vision. One Of The Imperatives For Organizational Vision Is That It Must Be Based On And Consistent With The Organization's Core Values. In One Example Of A Vision Statement We'll Look At Later, The Organization's Core Values - In This Case, Integrity, Professionalism, Caring, Teamwork, And Stewardship - Were Deemed Important Enough To Be Included With The Statement Of The Organization's Vision.

Values Are The Embodiment Of What An Organization Stands For, And Should Be The Basis For The Behavior Of Its Members. However, What If Members Of The Organization Do Not Share And Have Not Internalized The Organization's Values? Obviously, A Disconnect Between Individual And Organizational Values Will Be Dysfunctional. Additionally, An Organization May Publish One Set Of Values, Perhaps In An Effort To Push Forward A Positive Image, While The Values That Really Guide Organizational Behavior Are Very Different. When There Is A Disconnect Between Stated And Operating Values, It May Be Difficult To Determine What Is "Acceptable." For Example, Two Of The Army's Organizational Values Include Candor And Courage. One Might Infer That Officers Are Encouraged To "Have The Courage Of Their Convictions" And Speak Their Disagreements Openly. In Some Cases, This Does Work; In Others It Does Not.

The Same Thing Works At The Level Of The Society. The Principles By Which The Society Functions Do Not Necessarily Conform To The Principles Stated. Those In Power May Covertly Allow The Use Of Force To Suppress Debate In Order To Remain In Power. ("Death Squads" Are An Example.) In Some Organizations, Dissent May Be Rewarded By Termination-The Organizational Equivalent Of "Death Squad" Action. In Others, A Group Member May Be Ostracized Or Expelled.